abstract

Abstract

Small molecule therapeutics have been a fundamental component of the pharmaceutical industry for several decades. Their lower molecular weight and cell-membrane permeability allow for oral administration and enable them to effectively reach intracellular targets. The therapeutic efficacy of these drugs is closely tied to their molecular structure, which plays a crucial role in their interaction with biological targets and the subsequent desired therapeutic effects.

The analytical techniques such as LC-MS/MS are essential to effectively analyze the structures of small molecule therapeutics. This technical note demonstrates a comprehensive approach for structural analysis of small molecule therapeutics using collision-induced dissociation (CID) and alternative fragmentation, electron-activated dissociation (EAD), on the ZenoTOF 7600 system. Here, structural analysis of sotorasib and other benzimidazolone compounds is demonstrated (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Comprehensive structural analysis of small molecules on the ZenoTOF 7600 system using Molecule Profiler software.  The structure of sotorasib, a representative small molecule compound, was analyzed using MS/MS spectra from Zeno CID MRM^HR and Zeno EAD MRM^HR. Both fragmentation techniques provided several unique fragments for a more detailed analysis of sotorasib structure. Unique fragments were labeled using Zeno CID MRM^HR (green) and Zeno EAD MRM^HR (red) experiments.

image-top

key-benefits

Key benefits for structural analysis of small molecules using the ZenoTOF 7600 system

• Comprehensive analysis:  Achieve more information about small molecule structure using a combination of Zeno EAD MRM^HR and Zeno CID MRM^HR data generated by the ZenoTOF 7600 system
• Unique EAD fragments from heterocyclic rings:  Acquire more informative MS/MS spectra from the piperazine and pyridine rings in the structure using EAD, providing more informative structural analysis of small molecule therapeutics
• Streamlined data processing: Develop comprehensive structural analysis workflow for therapeutics with a quick, easy-to-use and seamless methodology from acquisition to analysis using SCIEX OS software (Molecule Profiler software integrated)

introduction

Introduction

Electron-based fragmentation methods, such as ECD and ETD, have traditionally been more suitable for generating c and z type fragment ions from multiply charged ions, providing complementary structural information to CID. However, these techniques are not optimal for producing unique fragment ions from singly charged small molecules.

Recently, a new electron-based fragmentation method called EAD has been introduced on the ZenoTOF 7600 system. This technique enables adjustment of the electron kinetic energy for the fragmentation based on the types of structures being analyzed. For small molecules, EAD can function as electron impact excitation of ions from organics (EIEIO) to generate unique fragment ions from singly charged small molecules, enabling more thorough structural analysis.^1-3

This technical note demonstrates a comprehensive structural analysis workflow for small molecule therapeutics with Zeno EAD MRM^HR and Zeno CID MRM^HR experiments on the ZenoTOF 7600 system. Here, structural analysis of sotorasib⁴ and benzimidazolone⁵ compounds 1 and 2 was evaluated.

methods

Methods

The standards for sotorasib and benzimidazolone compounds were acquired from Amgen.

Chromatography: Samples were analyzed using an ExionLC system at a 0.5 mL/min flow rate on a Phenomenex Kinetex C18 column (2.1 x 50 mm, 2.6 µm, 100 Å). The column temperature was maintained at 40°C. A 6-minute gradient was run using 0.1% formic acid in water as mobile phase A and 0.1% formic acid in methanol as mobile phase B (Table 1). An injection volume of 5 μL was used for analysis.

image-top

Mass spectrometry:  The optimized Zeno EAD AND Zeno CID MRM^HR parameters are listed in  Table 2  and the source and gas parameters are included in  Table 3.

image-top

image-top

Data processing:  SCIEX OS software, version 3.3.0, was used for data acquisition. Molecule Profiler software was used to characterize the structures using Zeno EAD MRM^HR and Zeno CID MRM^HR experiments.

structural

Structural analysis of sotorasib and example benzimidazolone compounds

The Zeno trap in the ZenoTOF 7600 system significantly boosts the sensitivity of MS/MS fragments. Therefore, Zeno MRM^HR data enables superior MS/MS spectrum quality for target peaks of interest in both CID and EAD acquisitions. For data processing, Molecule Profiler software enables seamless structural analysis using information from Zeno CID MRM^HR and Zeno EAD MRM^HR experiments.

Sotorasib and 2 benzimidazolone compounds were used as an experimental model to demonstrate structural analysis using Molecule Profiler software. For sotorasib, 30 fragments were identified using Zeno CID MRM^HR and 46 fragments were identified using Zeno EAD MRM^HR (Figure 2). The Molecule Profiler software compiled the m/z, ion formula and error (ppm) for each fragment identified.

Figure 2: Features on Molecule Profiler software for structural analysis of sotorasib.  The panel shows an interpretation pane with an inverted overlay of the EAD TOF MS/MS (blue) and CID TOF MS/MS (green) spectra. All unique fragments were marked in pink. The panel also indicates the composition and structure of the analyte as well as fragment information including charge state, mass error and intensity.

image-top

Compared to Zeno CID, more unique fragments were identified using Zeno EAD data, and extensive fragments within heterocyclic rings were observed using EAD for sotorasib (Figure 3). Unique EAD fragments at m/z 462.1731, 478.1694 and 365.1216 were related to the fragmentation of heterocyclic rings. More specifically, m/z 462.1731 corresponded to the fragmentation of the piperazine ring and m/z 478.1694 represented the fragmentation of the pyridine ring. Overall, fragment identification was performed with <5 ppm mass error.

Figure 3: Fragment ion spectra for sotorasib using Zeno CID MRM^HR and Zeno EAD MRM^HR.  Zeno CID MRM^HR generated 6 unique fragments compared to Zeno EAD MRM^HR, where 24 unique fragments were generated. EAD produced more structurally informative fragments within the heterocyclic rings, such as piperazine and pyridine. The top panel shows the EAD spectrum (blue) and the bottom panel shows the CID spectrum (green). Unique fragments are shown in pink.

image-top

In addition to unique fragments, common fragments were also identified between Zeno CID MRM^HR and Zeno EAD MRM^HR experiments. In  Figure 4, the structure of sotorasib shows several common fragments that were identified with <5 ppm mass error. In summary, both Zeno CID and Zeno EAD experiments can fragment C-N, C-F and some C-C bonds between or outside of the heterocyclic rings.

Figure 4: Common fragments identified using Zeno CID DDA and Zeno EAD DDA. Both CID and EAD can fragment C-N, C-F and some C-C bonds between or outside of major heterocyclic rings. The mass error for all fragments identified was <5 ppm.

image-top

Additionally, 2 benzimidazolone compounds were evaluated using Zeno EAD MRM^HR and Zeno CID MRM^HR. Data from example benzimidazolone compounds 1 and 2 are displayed in  Figure 5A  and  Figure 5B, respectively. For benzimidazolone compound 1, unique EAD fragments at m/z 175.0119, 330.0732 and 416.1822 corresponded to the fragmentation of the heterocyclic rings. More specifically, m/z 416.1822 corresponded to the fragmentation of the benzimidazolone ring. For the benzimidazolone compound 2, unique fragments at m/z 216.0322 (EAD), 395.0347 (CID) and 421.0508 (EAD) were produced from benzimidazolone ring fragmentation. All fragments were identified with <5 ppm mass error.

Figure 5: Comparing Zeno CID MRM^HR and Zeno EAD MRM^HR spectra of example benzimidazolone compounds 1 and 2.  In general, the EAD spectra showed more unique fragments compared to CID for benzimidazolone compounds 1 (A) and 2 (B). For each compound, the top panel shows the EAD spectrum (blue) and the bottom panel shows the CID spectrum (green). Unique fragments are shown in pink.

image-top

conclusions

Conclusions

• Structural analysis of sotorasib and 2 benzimidazolone compounds was demonstrated using Zeno CID MRM^HR and Zeno EAD MRM^HR on the ZenoTOF 7600 system
• Compared to CID, EAD generated more unique MS/MS fragments of the piperazine and pyridine rings, enabling more informed structural analysis of small molecule therapeutics
• Fragment identification of small molecule therapeutics was achieved with <5 ppm mass error
• Seamless path from data acquisition to processing for structural analysis of small molecule therapeutics using SCIEX OS software (Molecule Profiler software integrated)

references

References

1. Baba, T.  et al.  (2015). Electron capture dissociation in a branched radio-frequency ion trap. Anal. Chem.   87(1): 785-792.
2. Qualitative flexibility combined with quantitative power. SCIEX technical note, RUO-MKT-02-13053-B.
3. Tunable electron activated dissociation (EAD) MS/MS to preserve particularly labile PTMs. SCIEX technical note, RUO-MKT-02-13006-B.
4. Lanman, B. A.  et al.  (2020). Discovery of a Covalent Inhibitor of KRASG12C for the Treatment of Solid Tumors. J. Med. Chem.   63:52-65.
5. Jackson, J. J.  et al.  (2023). Benzimidazolone as an Amide Bioisostere in the Development of β-1,3-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2 (B3GNT2) Inhibitors. J. Med. Chem.   66(23):16120-16140.