Using the ZenoTOF 7600 system with Zeno MS/MS
Nick Morrice1, Alexandra Antonoplis2 and Christie Hunter2
1SCIEX, UK; 2SCIEX, USA
Electron activated dissociation (EAD) is a fragmentation mode that involves capture of electrons by molecular ions to form radicals that dissociate into fragment ions. EAD often preserves labile post translational modifications (PTMs) and provides peptide sequence information that is complementary to collision induced dissociation (CID). This work focuses on localization of peptide phosphorylation and glycation sites using EAD in a bottom-up liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry workflow.Â
Characterization of human cellular proteomes enables the identification of disease biomarkers and new therapeutic targets. Mass spectrometry-based techniques, such as bottom-up proteomics, are widely used to analyze cellular proteomes. During bottom-up proteomics experiments, intact proteins are cleaved by enzymes to yield peptides and the resulting peptide sequences are determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).
Several factors influence peptide MS/MS spectral data quality and depth of sequence coverage, including the data acquisition speed and fragmentation mode implemented. Data-dependent acquisition (DDA) is often used to analyze protein digests for protein identification. MS/MS sensitivity is a crucial performance attribute in DDA workflows. The ZenoTOF 7600 system uses the Zeno trap to increase the duty cycle to ≥90% across the entire fragment ion mass range, resulting in average signal gains of 5- to 6-fold in MS/MS mode for peptides.1-2 These gains enable significant improvements in proteins identified using DDA workflows.3
For proteomics experiments, 2 fragmentation options are available on the ZenoTOF 7600 system: collision-induced dissociation (CID) and electron-activated dissociation (EAD) (Figure 1). Unlike CID, which relies on the collision of ions with nitrogen gas to fragment molecules at their weakest bonds, EAD involves the capture of electrons by molecular ions to form a radical state that fragments. CID and EAD result in different fragments for the same peptide, with CID yielding b and y ions and EAD yielding additional c’ and z• ions. EAD fragmentation provides complementary sequence information to CID and often preserves post-translational modifications (PTMs) that undergo neutral loss in a CID experiment.4-5 Many different modifications can be labile during MS analysis, including phosphorylation, sulfation and O-GlcNAc modifications. This work focuses on DDA method development and analysis of HeLa digest using EAD, with an emphasis on site-specific localization of phosphorylation sites. In addition to phosphorylated peptides, glycated human peptides were also investigated using EAD.
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Sample preparation: A 100 µg sample of digested HeLa cell lysate was fractionated into 44 samples using high pH RP-HPLC, as previously described.6 Then, 10% of each fraction was injected for LC-MS/MS analysis. For analysis of glycated peptides, human serum albumin was used from human plasma.
Chromatography: Peptide digests were separated using a Waters ACQUITY UPLC M-class system with a flow rate of 6 µL/min in direct-inject mode. A Phenomenex Kinetex 2.6 µm XB-C18 LC column (100 Å, 150 x 0.3 mm) was used. A rapid linear gradient from 5–30% B over 21 minutes was used to interrogate the fractions. Mobile phase A was water with 0.1% formic acid and mobile phase B was acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid.
Mass spectrometry: A ZenoTOF 7600 system that was equipped with the OptiFlow Turbo V source7 using a low microflow probe and electrode was used for all data acquisition. DDA parameters that were implemented for all experiments included a TOF MS accumulation time of 250 ms and an exclusion time of 6 seconds. Only precursors with charge states in the range of 2-5 with intensities greater than 100 cps were selected for fragmentation. For CID acquisition, the maximum number of candidate ions per cycle was 45 and the accumulation time was 20 ms. For EAD analysis of HeLa digest, the maximum number of candidate ions was 10 per cycle and an accumulation time of 50 ms was used. The reaction time for EAD was 20 ms with an electron beam current of 3000 nA with a KE of 0 eV. For analysis of glycated peptides, 20 candidate ions were used per cycle with a 20 ms reaction time and 25 ms total acquisition time. Â
Data processing: Mascot software (Matrix Science, version 2.6) was used for all data processing. Data files were searched against the Swissprot_Human database using the SCIEX EAD algorithm for EAD and the ESI-QUAD-TOF algorithm for CID. For analysis of phosphorylated peptides in HeLa digest, the following modifications were searched in Mascot software: fixed: carbamidomethyl; variable: phosphorylation (on serine, threonine and tyrosine); methionine oxidation and n-terminal acetylation. Scaffold software (Proteome Software Inc., version 4.8.5) was used to confirm MS/MS-based peptide and protein identifications. For analysis of glycation sites, hexose variable modifications were searched in Mascot software with a fixed carboxymethyl modification. For both phosphorylated and glycated peptides, figures were generated using Bio Tool Kit in SCIEX OS software.7
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In order to select the acquisition settings for Zeno EAD DDA analysis of HeLa digest, a variety of parameters were tested, including electron beam current, electron kinetic energy, reaction time and accumulation time. For peptides, it was determined that using an electron KE of 0 eV and a beam current of 3000 nA promoted fragmentation and yielded high fragment ion intensities.
A reaction time of 20 ms coupled with an accumulation time of 50 ms enabled 2 EAD reactions to be performed for each MS/MS spectrum and these parameters were employed for all experiments. The Zeno trap was turned on to improve fragment ion sensitivity, as Zeno trap activation results in a restoration of duty cycle to ≥90% across the entire mass range of the MS/MS spectrum.1
For analysis of glycated peptides, further optimization was performed and it was determined that using a method with 20 MS/MS candidates and a 20 ms EAD reaction time yielded accurate identification of challenging modifications.
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Forty-four fractions of HeLa digest were separated using a fast 21-minute gradient and analyzed with DDA. Both CID and EAD MS/MS fragmentation were evaluated and results were processed and visualized using Mascot software and Scaffold software. In the CID experiment, 93,866 peptides were identified at 1% FDR using Mascot software as the database search engine (Figure 1). This search was performed using the standard settings for CID fragmentation and included 1 fixed and 5 variable modifications in the search space.
When the fragmentation mode was switched to EAD, 52,905 peptides were identified at 1% FDR (Figure 1). Fewer total numbers of peptides were identified using EAD due to the slightly slower acquisition speed (2.5x slower). However, the orthogonal fragmentation mode provided complementary sequence information (Figure 2) and identifications of peptides not found using CID, yielding 11% more peptides. This highlights that EAD is able to run at a frequency compatible with the LC timescale and with DDA.
Although the HeLa cell digest was not specifically prepared to preserve PTMs, 157 phosphopeptides were identified at 1% FDR with EAD fragmentation. The raw phosphopeptide MS/MS spectra were evaluated in Explorer in SCIEX OS software. Using the Bio Tool Kit, the peptide sequences could be overlaid on the spectra to evaluate the specific fragments and the fragmentation coverage (Figures 3-5).7
EAD spectra can be used to identify the sequence and phosphorylation site in peptides, including peptides with multiple serines (Figure 3). Other phosphorylation sites were located using EAD spectra, including a site on a 1889.88 Da peptide with 17 amino acids (Figure 4) and a site on a threonine residue near the peptide N-terminus (Figure 5). The associated c’ and z• (z+1) ion series clearly detailed the location of the phosphorylation sites on the peptides.
A panel of human peptides was analyzed to evaluate hexose and modifications using Zeno EAD DDA. While a hexose modification could not be localized using CID, EAD enabled unambiguous localization of a hexose modification on a lysine residue on a long, 24 amino acid peptide (Figure 6).
The Zeno EAD DDA workflow developed in this work enabled the robust identification of thousands of unique peptides in HeLa digest. High pH fractionation of HeLa digest followed by LC-MS/MS analysis with the ZenoTOF 7600 system generated a large-scale Zeno EAD DDA dataset for interrogation. Microflow chromatography was used to improve sensitivity and the Zeno trap was activated to both improve MS/MS sensitivity and yield high fragment ion intensities. This work highlights that Zeno EAD is fast and compatible with DDA experiments.
EAD provides an alternative fragmentation option for the study of proteomic samples and enables better characterization of some types of peptides, such as long tryptic peptides and peptides containing labile PTMs, compared to CID. In the EAD spectra evaluated here, intact z• (z+1) and c’ ion series were readily detectable for sequencing and localization of phosphorylation and glycation sites.
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